|
were officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan. Appointments to this prominent office were usually ''fudai'' ''daimyō'', but this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not ''daimyō''.〔Beasley, William G. (1955). ''Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868,'' p. 325.〕 Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor." This ''bakufu'' title identifies a magistrate or municipal administrator with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in the shogunal city of Kyoto.〔Hall, John Wesley. (1955) ( ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan,'' p. 201 )〕 The Kyoto ''machi-bugyō'' were the central public authorities in this significant urban center. These men were ''bakufu''-appointed officials fulfilling a unique role. They were an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor. The ''machi-bugyō'' were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities.〔Cunningham, Don. (2004). ( ''Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai,'' p. 42. )〕 As in Edo, there were two ''bugyō-sho'' offices in Kyoto, ''higashi machi-bugyō-sho'' on the east and ''nishi machi-bugyō-sho'' on the west of the city; in Kyoto they were called ''higashi o-yakusho'' and ''nishi o-yakusho''. In Kyoto as well as in Edo they worked on a monthly rotating schedule. The duties of Kyoto ''machi-bugyō'' had been administered by Osaka ''gundai'' before 1669, when ''machi-bugyō'' system was introduced to Kyoto under the supervision of Kyoto ''shoshidai''. Each ''machi-bugyō'' was involved in tax collection, policing, and firefighting; and at the same time, each played a number of judicial roles –- hearing and deciding both ordinary civil cases and criminal cases.〔 In this period, the ''machi-bugyō'' were considered equal in status to the minor ''daimyō''. At any one time, there were as many as 16 ''machi-bugyō'' located throughout Japan;〔 and there was always at least one in Kyoto. ==Shogunal city== During this period, Kyoto ranked with the largest urban centers, some of which were designated as a "shogunal city." The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.〔Cullen, William. (2003). ( ''A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds,'' p. 159. )〕 All three cities, Kyoto, Osaka and Sumpu had ''machi-bugyō''. Other major "shogunal cities", or shogun ''chokkatsu-ryō'' had ''ongoku bugyō'' or ''bugyō'' to remote "shogunal cities"; from north to south, Hakodate, Niigata, Sado, Nikkō, Kanagawa, Uraga, Shimoda, Yamada, Nara, Fushimi, Sakai, Hyōgo and Nagasaki. Fushimi ''bugyō'' was appointed from ''daimyō'', and those for other "shogunal cities" was ''hatamoto''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kyoto machi-bugyō」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|